Most teams talk about “controls” like it’s one big bucket. It isn’t. And that misunderstanding is why governance becomes a mess. When you flatten everything into one blob of requirements, you lose visibility, you duplicate work, and you design controls that don’t map to how software is actually built or shipped. In reality, there are 4 categories of controls - and only three sit inside the software delivery lifecycle. Ignore that distinction, and you end up building the wrong guardrails in the wrong places. If your controls don’t align to how software is built, released, and run… then they're not controls. They’re paperwork.

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